Huxley-type muscle models offer a physiologically grounded description of cardiac contraction but remain computationally prohibitive for large-scale, multi-scale simulations. This article reviews surrogate modeling strategies that alleviate these costs for ventricular biomechanics, with emphasis on data-driven (RNN/TCN/GRU) and physics-informed (PI...

By Bogdan Milićević, Miloš Ivanović, Boban Stojanović, Miljan Milošević, Miloš Kojić, Nenad Filipović

Heart wall tissue plays a crucial role in living organisms by generating the mechanical force for blood flow. This tissue has a complex internal structure comprised mostly of muscle cells, in which biochemical energy is transformed into mechanical active stress under rhythmical electrical excitation. The overall heart functioning depends, among oth...

By Miloš Kojić, Miljan Milošević, Bogdan Milićević, Vlada Geroski, Vlada Simić, D. Trifunović, G. Stanković, Nenad Filipović