Two-equation turbulent models are widely used in finite element analysis of fluid flow. The PAK program package was upgraded from the classical laminar flow to the turbulent k-omega model. The turbulence model was validated using the case of fluid flow in a backward-facing step channel. The analysis results show good agreement with experimental data reported in the literature. The code was subsequently tested on a case of fluid flow in a coronary artery bifurcation, with particular emphasis on the stenosis resulting from the patient’s disease.
Nikolić A. *Simulation of laminar and turbulent flow on a realistic model of arterial bifurcation with stenoses*. 2018.
2.
Nikolić A, Topalović M, Simić V, Filipović N. Turbulent finite element model applied for blood flow calculation in arterial bifurcation. *Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 2021;209:106328.
3.
McDonough JM. *Introductory lectures on turbulence: Physics, mathematics and modeling*. Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics. 2007;
4.
Wilcox DC. Reassessment of the scale-determining equation for advanced turbulence models. *AIAA Journal. 1988;26*(11:1299–310.
5.
Wilcox DC. *Turbulence modeling for CFD*. 1994.
6.
Wilcox DC. *Turbulence modeling for CFD*. 2006.
7.
Bassi F, Crivellini A, Rebay S, Savini M. Discontinuous Galerkin solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and k–ω turbulence model equations. *Computers & Fluids. 2005;34:507–40.
8.
Bassi F, Ghidoni A, Perbellini A, Rebay S, Crivellini A, Franchina N, et al. A high-order Discontinuous Galerkin solver for the incompressible RANS and k–ω turbulence model equations. *Computers & Fluids. 2014;98:54–68.
9.
Bathe KJ. *Finite element procedures*. 2006.
10.
Blagojević M, Nikolić A, Živković M, Stanković G, Živković M. Influence of block topologies on endothelial shear stress observed in CFD analysis of artery bifurcation. *Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics. 2013;15*(1:97–104.
11.
Kojić M, Filipović N, Stojanović B, Kojić N. *Computer modeling in bioengineering*. 2008.
12.
Kojić M, Slavković R, Živković M, Grujović N, Filipović N. *PAK – FE software for structural analysis, field problems, multiphysics and biomechanics*. 1998.
13.
Milosevic M, Simic V, Milicevic B, Koay E, Ferrari M, Ziemys A, et al. Correction function for accuracy improvement of the composite smeared finite element for diffusive transport in biological tissue systems. *Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2018;338:97–116.
14.
Jovic S, Driver DM. *Backward-facing step measurements at low Reynolds number Reh = 5000*. NASA Technical Memorandum. 1994;108807.
15.
Shi Y, Lawford P, Hose R. Review of zero-D and one-D models of blood flow in the cardiovascular system. *BioMedical Engineering. 2011;10*(33.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
